[Comment] Climate change, migration, displacement, and health: past, present, and future

00:00 - 17 Dec 2025

The history of human health and migration, the human story, is deeply intertwined with the natural environment. As described by Anthony McMichael,1 pioneering scholar of health and environmental change, the climate is not merely a backdrop to human life, it is embedded in who we are and how we live. Modern human civilisation has been facilitated by the remarkably stable climatic conditions of the Holocene: the past 11 000 years during which century-to-century global average temperatures varied by no more than 1°C.