[Comment] Emerging β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor strategies for complicated urinary tract infections

Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and acute pyelonephritis remain major causes of hospitalisation worldwide and contribute substantially to antibiotic consumption and health-care costs.1 The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, particularly extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and carbapenem-resistant bacteria has made effective treatment increasingly challenging.2